We did it! In August 2021 we achieved our 3-year mark for the Datt Capital Absolute Return Fund, which we consider to be a key stepping stone for the Fund.

​We began the Fund with a number of factors against us: we were fund management industry outsiders from non-conventional backgrounds who invested in assets typically outside the mandate of conventional equity fund managers. Despite these challenges, we have always had an initial 5-year plan in mind to develop a sustainable, high performing boutique funds management business. At the 3-year mark, we are well positioned to deliver on this original objective. I thank all our investors, staff and service providers for their faith and understanding despite the occasional hiccups all businesses sometimes experience.

In early February this year, we wrote a piece on Livewire asking why the market was valuing Dusk Group (ASX: DSK) so cheaply? The company had a less than spectacular debut in late 2020 and subsequently has flown under the radar of many investors. But since listing, Dusk has delivered three consecutive earnings upgrades, with the share price rising around 35% since we published our original article. 

As part of Livewire’s reporting season coverage, I have addressed some questions about Dusk’s latest results and explain why we still believe the shares remain attractively priced.  

1. Briefly explain what the company does and why you’re attracted to it (at a high level).

Dusk Group is a specialist retailer operating solely within the Australian market. While known mostly for its scented candles,  the company's range also includes diffusers, essential oils and other fragrance-related homewares. 

Historically, niche homeware retail segments have been largely a cottage industry with a long tail of small boutique merchants fulfilling demand. Dusk is the largest player in the local market, holding around 22% market share, while running only around 122 physical stores in Australia. The company foresee the potential to grow to around 160 stores throughout Australasia by 2024 and also plans to eventually expand into the UK and US markets.

Dusk has a combination of soft and hard factors that make it an attractive investment proposition. The products are orientated towards making homes and offices pleasant environments, which has become exceptionally important given the recent lockdowns. In addition, the majority of the company's products are consumables or products that use consumables. This means that every sale in the present has a high probability of further follow on sales in the future, assuming the buyer remains engaged with the product itself. This confers an enormous advantage over time vs other retail niches.

This "soft factor" advantage translates into hard benefits; for example, the company's loyalty program now boasts almost 700,000 highly engaged members. This translates into exceptional gross margins of almost 70%, while the team has maintained and exercised exceptional capital discipline and allocation decisions. We expect this outperformance to persist over time.

2. How did the current result compare to your expectations? What about market/analyst expectations?

Dusk is a recent listing, only being listed for less than 12 months. In that short period, there have been three consecutive earnings upgrades - something quite unusual. Accordingly, Dusk has outperformed its prospectus projections by a large percentage.

3. Were there any surprises in the result or management’s commentary?

Like all retailers, the first seven weeks of FY22 trade has been impacted by the Victorian and NSW lockdowns. Around half the company's store network is within these two states, but it has only affected top-line revenue by 28%. This relative outperformance demonstrates that the company's products are actively sought by its loyal customers, despite the state lockdowns. This also affirms that Dusk's products are differentiated enough versus competitors for customers to actively seek them out. This is confirmed by the statistic that 60% of the group's revenue by value is derived from Dusk rewards members

4. What do you think is the most important thing for investors to know about this company?

There is significant potential for Dusk to expand overseas. The management team is very disciplined in allocating capital and is taking a careful, prudent approach given the uncertainties around COVID and international travel. However, we expect that once the present situation normalises, the company will commence its international expansion.

5. What’s your outlook for the company?

While like-for-like growth sales are down slightly, we anticipate that Dusk may be able to achieve at least 80% of FY21's revenue, while maintaining an EBIT above $30 million. This assumes that social restrictions are loosened in Victoria and NSW prior to the Christmas shopping period, as well as being open during the key Mother's Day trading period. The company has also disclosed that "reopening" events generally have a large positive impact on physical stores' trading.

The company’s initial foray into New Zealand has been delayed by covid induced travel restrictions, and we believe there is significant scope and potential to begin examining larger international markets such as the UK and US for near-term expansion, despite the delays being experienced within the ANZ region.

6. Do you still think the company looks attractive following the result (and the price response)? Why or why not?

We believe that Dusk looks highly attractive at the current valuation.
The company has a number of highly attractive factors that are conducive to future returns.
These are: 

- Zero leverage, 
- High margins and cash generation,
- Global expansion potential,
- Broader tailwinds for their specific sector, and 
- An aligned and disciplined management team.


The company looks highly undervalued when you examine its valuation on a peer comparison basis. 
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Additionally, it has paid a gross yield (including franking credits) of around 11% over the past financial year, based on today’s price. We expect the company to continue to pay a sustainable, reliable dividend stream in the coming years, while holding significant upside potential from further expansion in its activities.

We consider the fair value for Dusk to be around $5 a share, considering all the factors mentioned above. In a nutshell, we consider Dusk to be a Growth company that's priced as a Value stock.

Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in Dusk Group (DSK:ASX).

​Long-term portfolio holding, Adriatic Metals, recently delivered their Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) over the flagship Vares Project which is the final study prior to a Final Investment Decision (FID).

The DFS demonstrated the following key project metrics:

• a 10-year mine life - reduced by 4 years by cutting out more marginal resources

 • an increase in project NPV8 to US$1.062 Billion at an IRR of 134% 

• Reduced project capex of US$168 million and a payback period of 8 months

• an NPV8/Capex ratio of 6.3x - this is a measure of capital efficiency and it is the highest we've ever seen from a greenfield mining operation

• a reduction of costs to US$7.3/oz of AgEq (silver equivalent) on an AISC (all-in-sustaining cost) basis - this is a 1st decile (bottom 10%) cost result relative to Adriatic's peer group

• 15 Moz of AgEq/year production with commodity revenue streams by value being silver dominant, followed by zinc, lead and gold

The study reaffirmed the world class nature of the project with a high level of confidence. Unusually, the company has managed a trifecta in terms of improving the economic outcomes of each sequential study; generally we see the opposite.
The changes that drove the most recent outcomes are:

• the removal of a lower quality deposit and lower value commodities such as barite which also had the benefit of reducing the number of concentrates produced to only 2 from 4 previously

• the vastly simplification of the project's processing flowsheet as a result of this decision which in turn reduces delivery risk

• Higher base metal prices relative to the PFS

• A modified mining sequence that prioritises mining the higher grade ore at an early stage from the core Rupice deposit

Importantly, the DFS demonstrates a robust project in any price environment. For instance, a 20% fall in metal prices would reduce the project IRR to ~100%; still a world class result by any metric.

The Vares Project is extremely important to Bosnia and Herzegovina, and will comprise over 30% of the nation's direct foreign investment over a 10 year period as measured since 2014; as well as being the nation's single largest exporter over the project's first 5 years. The project will also employ 350 staff with a strong commitment made towards workplace diversity - 30% of the present workforce are female. The company enjoy exceptional government and community support, legacy of a strong social licence-built up over years.

An exceptional gesture by the company was the formation of the Adriatic Foundation. This is a charitable trust that is focused on improving local community outcomes in 3 key areas: education, environmental protection & healthcare. The Adriatic Foundation will receive an ongoing share of project profits and was generously seeded by the founders and directors of Adriatic. 

Adriatic's strong ESG credentials have been recognised by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) who have taken an equity stake in the company itself. This is an extremely strong point of validation, as the EBRD only participates in companies that demonstrate exceptional commitment towards best in class ESG principles.

A number of important catalysts are on the horizon for the company. These are:

• offtake agreements for the produced concentrate. We expect these to be agreed imminently.

• final environmental permits for the project, we expect these to be granted in the next month or so

• a project financing package for construction, we expect this will be delivered next month hi

• the commencement of construction, the company plan to break ground in October

Adriatic hold other promising assets aside from the Vares Project. The company recently hit an interval of over 20m at a grade similar to the main Rupice orebody to the north-west of the core deposit. Whilst still at an early stage, we consider that this could be a repetition of the Rupice orebody given the area is structurally controlled. This has the potential to be a real game-changer if further drilling proves this hypothesis.

Independently, Adriatic also control the rest of the mineral belt surrounding Vares which we consider highly prospective with many historical mineral deposits and occurrences. The company has a US$9 million exploration budget for this calendar year.

Adriatic's Raska project in Serbia also has strong economic potential in the current market environment. We believe that the project could be worth half of Adriatic's present market value on a risked NPV basis. Adriatic are targeting an MRE and scoping study to be delivered this year.

Any way we look at it, we believe the company is undervalued trading at only around 35% of the Vares Project's NPV, entirely ignoring its other assets. Similar assets have transacted for in excess of 80% of NPV. Another strong attraction is the company's strong commitment towards strong ESG principles which we believe are sound and essential business practices in today's world. We remain long-term shareholders of Adriatic Metals.

Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in Adriatic Metals (ADT:ASX).

Tin is a metal critical to maintaining a modern lifestyle. Tin is used extensively in solder for critical electronic components such as circuit boards for the machines we use every day. It is estimated that tin comprises between 1-5% of a circuit boards total weight, with more complex boards requiring higher portions of solder. There is substitute available for tin for soldering applications.

Tin usage and demand is expected to grow in line with technological progression. Rio Tinto in 2018 identified Tin as the metal most impacted by new technologies given the heavy reliance on advanced electronic controls and boards that the deployment of these new technologies require.

China and Indonesia are the largest sources of tin production, followed by Myanmar, Russia, Bolivia, Peru and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Global tin production has been relatively stable over the past, with demand exceeding supply for a number of years. This gap has been filled historically via the secondary refining of tin and the sell-down of historical strategic stockpiles by sovereign players.

COVID has exposed the fragility of global supply chains and tin has not been immune to supply disruptions. For instance, we have seen power cuts in the Yunnan region and volcanoes erupting in the DRC over the past week; both globally significant production areas.

In markets that are subject to supply constraints, we often see enormous moves in prices when a supply shock occurs. An example being the uranium markets in 2006 when the globally significant Cigar Lake uranium mine flooded; this triggered an increase in the spot uranium price of 350% over a 12-month period before spot prices began to retrace.

The futures markets are a great place to understand the dynamics of forward pricing for commodities. In usual circumstances, we can expect the term structure of a range of futures over a commodity to be in 'contango' which means that prices tend to be more expensive the longer the duration of futures contract. Intrinsically this makes sense, as for physical commodities there is a tangible cost in storing the materials.

In this case, tin futures are in 'backwardation' where the spot contract is the highest priced with longer durations priced more cheaply. This is a relatively rare situation that demonstrates short-term market supply stress. However, on the London Metals Exchange, this situation has persisted for the last 3 months and has now occurred on the second major commodity market in the Shanghai Futures Exchange.

The situation has been supportable in the short term on the LME, as commodity traders could source metals or perform arbitrage on the SHFE and deliver to the LME. With tin on both exchanges in backwardation, the arbitrage opportunity is not so obvious anymore. Across these two major commodity exchanges, less than 6 days of global tin demand remains in stock. Accordingly, we believe that tin spot prices have the potential to trade at significantly higher prices over the next 1-6 months.

We believe the best place to capture potential returns from tin, is by investing in existing producers. On the ASX, we have one of the best-listed exposures globally in Metals X (ASX: MLX).

MLX's Renison project is located in Tasmania. 50% of Renison is owned by Yunnan Tin (the world's largest tin producer) who picked up a stake in the GFC-era when MLX was distressed. Renison currently produces around 7,000t of tin per annum.

We expect that the quality of resource will improve over time at Renison with 'Area 5' reserves (a new deposit yet to be exploited) providing a 58% uplift in grade relative to recent ore processed. This translates to tin production in excess of 11,000t per annum on a 100% basis assuming all other factors remain constant. In addition, metallurgical recovery improvements expected via investment in process improvements. In particular, a thermal upgrade or tin fumer scoping study due in Q3 is likely to improve recovery rates materially and lead to a significant improvement in financial outcomes.

MLX also hold a significant growth opportunity in Rentails, a tailings stockpile accumulated from previous processing. Rentails is the second largest undeveloped tin deposit globally when measured by tin content in the mineral reserve. At current tin prices of US$31,000 a tonne and assuming no uplift from the tin fumer process, we value Rentails at a pre-tax NPV8 of circa $300 million net to MLX.

MLX has historically had a mixed record management-wise however, present management appear to be pragmatic and commercial in their decision making.

Non-core copper assets have been sold with non-direct exposure to potential upside via an equity and derivative holding in Cyprium Metals (ASX:CYM). 

A spinoff of MLX's nickel assets is expected to be completed this year with an in-specie distribution of stock planned for MLX shareholders. We have seen positive financial outcomes for holders of ILU & ALK who have conducted similar transactions in the past 12 months, and we expect the same case here.

Shareholders will also benefit from the large embedded tax losses from legacy operations. This is a hidden asset that is value accretive but not valued by the market.

We believe that MLX holds good takeover potential with its non-core assets now largely divested. Yunnan Tin would be the most logical acquirer of MLX however, given current geopolitical circumstances a transaction may be difficult in the short term.

On a sum of parts valuation, we consider that MLX is worth at least $350 million or circa 40c per share - with further potential upside of $300 million should Rentails proceed successfully into production and the tin price remaining at present levels.


Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in Metals X (MLX:ASX).
​

On Wednesday Australia's largest bank, Commonwealth Bank (CBA), announced that they were entering the buy now, pay later ('BNPL') space with the introduction of a new product, creatively named 'Commbank BNPL'.


CBA have been quiet investors in the BNPL industry since August 2019, where they made an initial investment of US$100 million into a private Swedish bank Klarna who offer their own BNPL product. This investment was increased by another US$200 million in January 2020 with CBA holding 5% of Klarna. Ostensibly, this investment was made with the perception that CBA could assist in Klarna's product rollout to Australian customers.


To date, Klarna's Australian launch has been largely an abject failure, barely making a dent in the local market. Merchant adoption has been minimal with many who offer Klarna as a payment option, prominently advertising their participation in AfterYaY Day - an annual sales day run by BNPL market leader Afterpay.


The launch of Commbank BNPL appears to be a blunt admission that Klarna's product has failed to gain traction in the local market. A cursory glance at the product design for Commbank BNPL reveals several fatal flaws that will almost certainly lead to the same outcome as Klarna locally.


Australian BNPL users span across the spectrum in terms of age as the industry has matured and hit the mainstream. A significant portion of BNPL users make use of multiple BNPL providers. In many ways, the BNPL has supplanted credit card penetration and usage especially for small-scale transaction values under $2000. This long tail of transactions and consumers is what has driven the incredible growth experienced by the broader BNPL industry as a whole over the last 4 or so years. This increase in demand from customers has led to a requisite increase in supply-side adoption of BNPL services by merchants. The key point here is that customer demand is what has driven supply.


Commbank BNPL fails in the sense that it focuses too heavily on the supply (merchant) side of the equation without any compelling proposition for the customer themselves. As a CBA executive is quoted saying "We are going to treat it like it is credit”. CBA has stated that it would conduct credit checks and would block customers if they were in arrears with other providers. This is in addition to higher proposed late fees than currently charged by Afterpay.


This level of intrusiveness and friction on the demand side coupled with the lack of lead generation tools on the merchant side leads us to conclude this proposed product will be just another commoditised fringe BNPL product unlikely to capture significant market share.


Interestingly, Afterpay are close to launching their own banking application, Afterpay Money, in an alliance with CBA's arch-rival Westpac (WBC). Afterpay intends on integrating the banking and BNPL services into a single interface in time.
As we first wrote 3 years ago, we consider Afterpay's BNPL offering to be the platform upon which additional financial services can be offered and it appears as though this forecast is coming true. 

Afterpay have commented that future product launches will not be interest-bearing, in line with its ethos of monetising its services from the supply side. Early indications are that Afterpay will launch another product directly competing with CBA's AdvancePay - a short-term payday lending facility. There is no question that the Afterpay brand is more highly recognised and respected amongst a broader swath of society than CBA.


Accordingly in this instance, we are inclined to back the entrenched, customer-centric market leader than the new entrant to the field coming out of a large conservative institution.

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Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in Afterpay (APT)

Dusk Group (DSK.AX) are a specialist retailer operating solely within the Australian market. Dusk is best known for its scented candles however, its range includes diffusers, essential oils and other fragrance related homewares. 

Historically, niche homeware retail segments have been largely a cottage industry with a long tail of small boutique merchants fulfilling demand. Dusk is the largest player in the local market holding approximately 22% market share, whilst running only around 115 physical stores. 

The company foresee the potential to grow to around 160 stores throughout Australasia by 2024. Over the last 12 months, the company's online presence grew significantly making up at least 10% of overall group revenue.

Industry structure and Business model
We have observed many instances of formally sleepy niches being disrupted and consequently dominated by a best-in-class brand and operation. In most instances, the easy availability and distribution of the product act as a demand generator from the consumer side. 

There is no doubt that the effects of government stimulus and social restrictions have benefited Dusk. Broad swathes of Australian society have been forced to spend more time at home and as a result have had more time to consider and improve their living environment. Whilst Dusk was forced to close its physical stores for a short period of time, growth was barely dented with LFL (like-for-like) sales growth of >17% for FY2020.  

In terms of expansion, Dusk intends on penetrating its core Australian market fully and starting to roll out its stores in New Zealand. It aims to grow outside the ANZ region by establishing online stores in key geographies. We note that a significant portion of web traffic (1% or so) to the Dusk website originates from the UK & US - large markets where Dusk does not yet sell its products. In time and pending successful market entries, we would expect that Dusk may one day have larger international operations than domestic. The company intends to begin international order fulfillment and to test demand in overseas markets starting from FY2022. 


History and Team
Peter King, Dusk's CEO, joined in 2015 and has grown business consistently since. Store management is flexible and low cost, largely centered around a single central employee the manager, a part-time assistant manager and supplemented by casual staff. An online training platform ensures a consistent customer experience between stores. Rewards program signups are a KPI and bonus metric for store managers and on average 1 in every 5 casual shoppers joins the rewards program. Accordingly, customer acquisition costs are effectively an embedded sunk cost into the business itself. Senior employee turnover is exceptionally low in the low single digit percentages.


Financials and Valuation
The Dusk business is reasonably seasonal with its revenues consistently skewed towards the 1st half of the financial year. 58% of revenues are accrued in this period, with the balance in the 2nd half. EBIT Margins for FY2020 were circa 15% and this period incorporated a period of time where the physical store network was shutdown. Dusk released a market update on the 29/12/20 which smashed its previous guidance and upgraded its H1/FY21 revenue to an estimated $90 million. LFL sales grew circa 49% with online sales up 120%. Extrapolating this revenue guidance normalised for seasonal variance provides us with an estimated projected revenue for FY2021 of $155 million or overall revenue growth of 54% vs FY2020. Assuming H2/FY2021's EBIT margin falls back to FY2020's EBIT margin of 15%, this gives us a projected EBIT range of between $33-$36 million for FY2021. 

Dusk has an extremely simple balance sheet with zero long-term debt. The company guided that it would hold a cash balance of approximately $33 million at the end of December 2020. Assuming a market capitalisation of $145 million (share price of $2.30), this equates to a rough enterprise value of $112 million or an EBIT multiple of just over 3 times. This is extraordinarily cheap especially in the context of today's highly valued equity markets. 

We demonstrate this via the following basic peer analysis:

As we can see Dusk's valuation is significantly less than its public listed peers in the Australian discretionary retail sector. If we assume as a conservative measure that Dusk can achieve the lowest valuation multiple out of its peers at 8.1x, we could expect to see the company trade at an enterprise value of $267 million or $4.24 per share (84% more than the current price). Note that this figure excludes the company's existing significant cash balance.

No matter which way we examine the company, it still trades cheaply by any metric.

Risk factors
Our biggest question is why is the market valuing this stock so cheaply? 

Our guess is that the IPO was effectively a sell down by existing shareholders to the public rather than raising fresh funds for the business. It would not have made sense for Dusk to raise fresh capital considering the company was strongly capitalised at the time of the IPO. Accordingly, the IPO allowed the two largest holders, Catalyst and BBRC, to reduce their shareholding in the group. We are not concerned by this whatsoever, for a couple of reasons. Catalyst, being a private equity firm, need to cash out of their investments periodically to maximise the IRR metric for its fund investors. Catalyst still hold a controlling stake of over 25% in the listed entity. BBRC have also been invested in the company since 2010, and retain a 7.3% holding in the public entity. This is quite conventional for businesses that are listed or associated with BBRC from our observation.

Another factor that probably affected sentiment was the fact that the IPO was scheduled for March however, was pulled due to the severe equity market conditions at the time. One theme that is prevalent in the retail space is that the Job Keeper government subsidies have led to a one-off bump in demand from the consumer side as well as benefiting companies from the cost perspective. Whilst this is true to a degree, it does not explain fully the large surge in the broader retail sector as well as data suggesting that Jobkeeper payments received by staff recipients has been used by many to improve their own financial position. Our thesis is that people are spending more on themselves and their home environment in lieu of traveling overseas and interstate. Whilst we cannot say with certainty when travel will become commonplace, we expect this time of restricted physical movement to last at least another 12 months.

One company that reminds us of Dusk is Lovisa which was previously floated by BBRC. Lovisa listed at a market value of around $200 million; it is now valued at around $1.2 billion with normalised EBIT of around $30 million. This company itself, we consider to have lower growth potential than Dusk at this point given the product range and current geographic spread. 


In summary, we consider that Dusk offers investors a potential strong growth opportunity while being priced as a value stock when viewed in the context of the discretionary retail sector as a whole. Its low valuation offers the opportunity for significant value uplift over time that will be dependent on maintaining its current strong operation performance along with successful international growth.

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This article is an extract of a detailed research note by Datt Capital. 

Wholesale/sophisticated investors may request a copy of the full analysis for a limited time HERE. Available only for 14 days post article publication.


Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in DSK.

In the last 3 months the price of Bitcoin, the 'gold standard' in cryptocurrencies, has more than tripled from circa US$10,500 to over US$37,000 per coin. Crypto evangelists make many claims about the future utility and value of bitcoins including its potential to replace existing currency systems along with grandiose claims of future value. It's decentralized and limited nature is an attraction for investors who have been jaded by endless bouts of issuance of fiat currencies by governments globally.

Much of the confusion around Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies stems from the question of whether these digital assets are an asset or a medium of exchange. A medium of exchange's core attributes are fungibility (standard and mutually interchangeable), portable, and commonly accepted. The key features of an asset are: that it is controllable (for the benefit of its owner), transact-able and has clear future value and utility. We believe that Bitcoin aligns more closely with being classified as an asset rather than a medium of exchange.

Which leads us to a simple question: what is the true future utility or value of Bitcoin? There is material uncertainty around this figure, even from the most hardened crypto advocates. This also explains to a large degree, the enormous volatility inherent in the asset itself including multiple draw-downs of over 50% over the years. There has been a strong correlation in Bitcoin price movements to more conventional liquid assets like stock indices, albeit at much higher rates of beta. This validates to some degree the notion that Bitcoin is being treated as an investment asset class by investors at large. Interest in Bitcoin tends to correlate heavily with its price; examining search trends and other sources of data we note that new entrants into the space tend to buy into the periods of highest price growth. I recall a colleague of mine during the crypto boom of 2017, asking me whether I thought Bitcoin was a sound investment, despite the utter lack of interest in any investment class previously from this individual. 

We have seen claims by some that Bitcoin is 'the new gold'; in our opinion, this is incorrect. I could go to virtually any individual living on our planet, irrespective of culture or creed, who would recognize that a single gold coin holds some form of monetizable intrinsic value. Despite Bitcoin's virtues, this would just not be the case in a similar instance. The asset's value is linked to its perceived utility between existing or new users. This leads us to a problem, which is the separation of utility from value. Bitcoin, for all intents and purposes, is useless in isolation. It relies heavily on a large number of 'nodes' around the world to operate the network and therefore by proxy, relies on free and open data flows between nations. This for us is a particular area of vulnerability, especially given the increase in geopolitical tensions over the past few years; is it too far-fetched to imagine that dataflow could one day be weaponized?

Ultimately, we believe that the rise in interest in Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies is driven by several factors: the ease of storage, perceived anonymity as well as the hope of making a quick dollar. Most prominently, I believe the most recent bump in Bitcoins value is driven by widespread distrust in government-issued fiat currencies and the lack of fiscal restraint by these entities. Many are worried about the extraordinary stimulus and 'money printing' activities being undertaken by governments worldwide and this has also been reflected in the pricing of other asset classes like precious metals and real estate. Whilst Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are uninvestable for ourselves, potential buyers should go in with their eyes wide open to the potential risks before investing in more exotic asset classes.


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Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way.

I’m often asked by clients and industry figures about Datt Capital’s position on ESG.

For a number of reasons, I have difficulty giving a black-and-white answer.

It’s fair to say that ESG, or its shorthand – ethical investing – has become part of the funds management zeitgeist, aided in part by much research pointing to better performance by fund managers that favour companies with good ESG policies and practices.

But what does ethical investing really mean?

For a start, there is no universal E (environmental sustainability); no universal S (social responsibility); nor universal G – corporate governance.

Ethics is a combination of morals, values and behaviour that is unique to each individual

When an investment is branded “ethical,” does it really mean the investments selected are consistent with the shared ethics of a reasonable swathe of society?

Another issue with so called “ethical” investing is the lack of truly ethical investments available. If we define “ethical” through the filter of “do no harm,” how many companies or businesses would qualify?

For some, the mainstays of ESG/ethical portfolio in the local context are the big four banks. Three out of four have been charged with a litany of historical offences, ranging from negligence to reporting suspicious transactions to government authorities, to facilitating payments for human trafficking and child exploitation. It is inevitable that mistakes will occur in corporate behemoths, but where does an “ethical” investor draw the line? 

The mining industry is often vilified for lack of ESG principles, although this usually a misguided belief. For instance, coal is demonised by some “environmentalists” despite it being a major contributor to the rapid elevation in human development outcomes in developing countries.

I recall having a meeting near a mining conference in Melbourne, where “climate protesters” were demonstrating. A number of protesters came into the cafe where I was seated, ubiquitously bearing smartphones which are the product of mines around the world – including cobalt mined by child labourers in Sierra Leone. They came in to order freshly ground, barista-made coffee – some of which may have been picked by “coffee slaves” in Brazil, Guatemala or Cote D’Ivoire, depending on their selection.

My personal opinion is that the core of any ethical consideration rests on the statement popularly attributed to Hippocrates: “Primum non nocere” (“first, do no harm.”)

Viewed through this lens, some industries that may be a more obvious fit for ethical investors could include: distribution, mineral royalty companies, retailers and food processors.

We also agree with the view of  some of our industry colleagues that the most effective way to give vent to your personal feeling on the E and the S  is either to donate to the cause in question, buy or boycott  products, or when investing, participate in a capital raising of a companies whose policies and actions in these areas you support. Purchasing shares in a favoured company on a secondary market does not have any meaningful impact on a company.

While I am sceptical about the rationale and impact investors can on the E and S we at Datt Capital believe that the G, governance, is the metric to focus on in deciding when to invest; as the research shows that poor corporate governance is usually related to performance.

Typical red flags include related-party transactions, not enough truly independent directors, and lack of diversity in management and staff.  

All of these points ultimately beget the question: what is the solution for ESG/ethical-oriented investors?

We believe the solution is for investors to “look deeply into what’s in the tin,” by performing research into their investments, rather than taking at face value “what’s on the label.”

We encourage using an inter-generational approach. This encourages the evaluation of investments taking a “whole of lifecycle” perspective, while also enabling investors to express their own subjective sense of ethics. For instance, some may find the lack of recycling for end-of-life solar panels to be unpalatable, whereas others may determine the shorter-term benefits to outweigh the longer-term consequences.

Finally, if in doubt about the criticality of corporate governance, the current drama being played out between the New South Wales government casino authorities and Crown Resorts reaffirms once again the primacy of getting the ‘G’ correct. Governance failures by the Crown board and management have finally caught up with the company and shareholders are suffering accordingly.

Happy investing.

Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way.

The ownership of a mineral royalty (a contractually established financial asset) over a producing or near-production mining asset has been the basis of many Australian fortunes. For instance, the iron ore royalties held in the Pilbara by the Hancock/Rinehart and Wright families coupled with prudent investment decision-making has allowed them to build enduring and significant wealth. Another well-known example is the Weeks oil & gas royalty encompassing a large portion of oil & gas production in the Bass Strait.

A mineral royalty provides the holder with the right to receive a portion of revenues from a particular mining operation or area. Royalties are reasonably bespoke, contractual agreements; accordingly, there are many variations and structures. We consider the most attractive royalty structure to be a 'gross overriding royalty' ('GORR') which entitles the royalty owner to a share of the market value of the commodity being produced less delivery costs borne to a point of sale.

The advantages of a GORR royalty structure are as follows:

• simple to calculate and audit
• lowest risk - with no ongoing capital expenditure required
• no exposure to cost or direct operational risks
• lowest volatility of cashflow, with a single variable input (the commodity price)
• a readily saleable and reasonably liquid asset
• leverage to increases in commodity price and exploration success

Other risk factors associated with royalty investments are primarily linked to the risk of the asset becoming non-productive which are:

• the particular commodity being produced
• the cost quartile of the producing asset (or relative production cost position)
• the location of the asset
• the mine life of the asset

Royalty companies have become big business, with a multitude of listed exposures available on global markets. These companies generally hold diverse portfolios of royalty interests and commodity exposures.

Franco-Nevada ('FNV') is the world's largest listed royalty company with a market cap of around US$26 billion (AUD$37 billion). Prima facie it positions itself as a gold royalty company, whereas in reality it has exposure to a range of precious and base metal longer-life projects with an average mine life of 20 years. It achieves top line revenue of approx. US$800 million whilst enjoying strong EBITDA margins in excess of 80% (typical of royalty companies).

It has a diverse board of mineral industry participants including Tom Albanese, Rio Tinto's former CEO. In a nutshell, it provides an ideal investment vehicle for institutions and individuals alike for lower-risk exposure to the commodity markets.

​The sole Australian royalty company of scale is Deterra Royalties ('DRR'), recently demerged from Iluka Resources. Deterra hold what we consider to be the best single royalty exposure available on the listed markets globally in the Mining Area C Royalty ('MAC Royalty').

The MAC Royalty is a GORR of 1.232% of Australian dollar denominated, free-on-board (FOB) revenue from product mined from Mining Area C, a major growth hub for BHP's Pilbara iron ore operations which are some of the largest globally. In addition, DRR also enjoys one-off $1 million per 1 million tonne increases in annual production capacity for the areas encumbered.
Main factors that contribute to the quality of this royalty interest are:

• one of the world's best operational and financial counterparties in BHP
• situated in world's best mining jurisdiction, Western Australia
• minority asset owners and other credit exposures are large Japanese conglomerates in Mitsui & Itochu
• mining assets are within lowest production price quartile, so will produce in virtually any circumstances
• low commodity risk in higher quality iron ore - essential and irreplaceable for further global development as well as politically insulated
• in built organic growth profile with production volumes expected to double by 2023 via development of South Flank mine
• Length of Mine ('LOM') currently 30 years with expansion potential to >50 years of mine life.

DRR have committed to paying out 100% of net profit after tax ('NPAT') to shareholders via dividends.

Given the valuation of global royalty peers, we contend that DRR would make a viable and attractive M&A candidate. For instance, in a scenario where FNV acquired DRR, we could expect FNV to increase their revenue by over 20% from 2023 (assuming spot FX and iron ore prices hold) and a likely value uplift of over US$5 billion (AUD$8 billion) should their multiple remain stable which we consider conservative given the sheer quality of the MAC Royalty. 

DRR trades today at a mere AUD$2.2 billion (USD$1.54 billion) or around a quarter of its potential value to a leading royalty company.

An alternative hypothetical scenario could see BHP purchase and internalise the royalty interest given the long mine life and the present rock bottom interest rates. Iluka Resources maintain a 20% interest in DRR, making them a king-maker in any M&A action. Given the holding is non-core to Iluka, we would expect a reasonable bid for DRR would see the major shareholder accept.
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In summary we believe that DRR provides a defensive, high quality annuity style equity exposure for investors; with potential for large capital appreciation via organic growth and potential M&A action.

Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in DRR.

Strategic Energy Resources ('SER') are a company specialising in frontier and undercover mineral exploration. We find this junior exploration opportunity compelling for a number of reasons: namely the strong technical management team, the ability to generate projects in regions prospective for tier 1 mineral deposits, and the company's existing suite of high-quality mineral assets all at a relatively low market valuation.

Canobie Province
SER's flagship project is what we refer to as the Canobie Province, an enormous land holding of approximately 1500 square km in Northern Queensland. The Canobie Province encompasses the entire northern belt of the Mt Isa Eastern Succession.

Contextually, the Mt Isa Province is one of the most heavily mineralised terranes globally and geophysics clearly show that these key structures continue to trend north under sedimentary cover to the areas now held by SER. Indeed the large Ernst Henry IOCG mineral complex lies under 60m of cover to the north east of Cloncurry, along the same trend as Canobie. The total resource endowment of Ernst Henry is well over 200 million tonnes of ore, and has been continuously mined since 1997. This provides an idea of the size of the potential opportunity at hand at Canobie.

The largest operational challenge in the Canobie area is the depth of cover, around 400 metres in thickness; also the fact that the cover is conductive which makes it difficult to use conventional electrical geophysics. Despite these challenges, the region has always been regarded as a promising, frontier locality for potential Tier 1 mineral deposits - similar to how the Paterson Province in Western Australia was once regarded before the discovery of Rio Tinto's Winu and Newcrest's Haverion discoveries.

Our analysis of historical drill results in the district showed that an extraordinarily large percentage of holes hit some form of mineralisation; even more extraordinary when considering the 'blind' nature of the drilling and mineralisation due to the depth of cover. Our interpretation of this data leads us to believe that the Canobie Province encompasses an extremely fertile mineral district whose scale is yet to be revealed. This is further reinforced by studies conducted by Geoscience Australia, which rate the Canobie Province as possessing the highest potential for Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG) deposits. Minerals discovered to date include high-grade gold, nickel-copper sulphides as well as anomalous uranium, platinum, and rare earths.

The most advanced prospect within the Canobie Province is the Saxby Gold Project, where 200 metres of strike has been defined to date at relatively high gold grades between 10 and 15 grams per tonne along with lower grades of copper. Intriguingly, the key structure has not yet been tested and the prospect remains open to the north, south and the west. In addition, studies by previous explorers indicate the gold is largely non-refractory in nature which is positive. Favourable metallurgy can be a critical factor in determining the commerciality of mineral deposits. SER expect to commence the next drilling campaign at Saxby sometime this month.

The Tea Tree nickel-copper prospect is another lead which we find very interesting. Historical drilled by Mt Isa Mines (MIM) and Anglo American, Tea Tree has been considered by past explorers to be prospective for a Voisey's Bay/Norilsk (large-scale) style, magmatic nickel-copper system given the size of the gravity anomaly which extends around 8km in length. Past exploration holes have hit large intersects of gabbro host rock, some over 300m in length, with anomalous nickel-copper sulphides. In addition, the historical holes have encountered mineralisation over a strike length over 2km in length, definitively proving the potential for a large scale system at depth. Anglo American who last explored the prospect concluded that the gravity anomaly could be explained by a deeper, yet to be tested intrusion. There is clearly more work to be done here.

Other exploration assets
SER also hold 2 other projects in Tier 1 locations, Billa Kallina situated within the Olympic IOCG Province in South Australia and Tennant Creek East in the Northern Territory.

The Olympic IOCG Province hold numerous Tier 1 mineral deposits such the world scale Olympic Dam Mine, Oak Dam West (both BHP), Prominent Hill, Carrapateena (both OZL) etc. Successful exploration in this region has typically been via targeting using gravity and magnetic surveys along with other conventional exploration techniques. Billa Kallina is a long recognised prospect defined by gravity and magnetics however, to date untested due to the depth of cover. We expect this anomaly to be tested in the coming months.

Tennant Creek has a long and proud mining history. Today, much of the future exploration activity is expected to be directed towards the East. This area has recently been opened up for mineral explorers with a moratorium being lifted in late 2019. This has led to a land grab in the region with many companies, including Newcrest, securing ground. Interestingly, Newcrest and SER appear to have secured the most prospective ground for IOCG potential according to Geoscience Australia. We also note that the National Drilling Initiative will be drilling several holes on a tenement bounded by Newcrest and SER which should provide valuable geological information to all explorers in the region.

SER also hold a small suite of passive and legacy assets encompassing a joint venture with FMG in South Australia (Myall Creek), a mineral sands resource in Ambergate and an investment in a private graphene company.

In conclusion, we believe that the value of SER is underpinned by the quality of its exploration assets all situated in regions where the potential for Tier 1 mineral discoveries is high. Its suite of passive and legacy assets can also potentially be monetised in time. The strong emphasis on value creation via project generation and exploration in genuine Tier 1 potential locations is attractive and has the potential to provide highly asymmetric returns for shareholders in the case of exploration success. Several value accretive catalysts lie ahead over the next 6 months via the completion of drilling programs and associated targeting works.

Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in SER.

​The relationship between Adriatic Metals and Sandfire Resources has been complex. In theory, the relationship should be positive; a junior miner with a world class development project allied and supported by a credible and proven Australian mine builder and operator. In practice, the relationship has seemingly been complicated by the consistent increase of Sandfire's holding in Adriatic and presumably it's influence.

We thought it would be an interesting exercise to go through Adriatic's disclosures to observe how the relationship has developed around Sandfire's actions.

The relationship began innocuously in May 2018 with both companies seemingly enthused by the strategic and technical expertise offered by Sandfire to assist in progressing Adriatic's projects. Sandfire became the largest shareholder outside the management team as part of this deal and were afforded an anti-dilution right under certain circumstances.

​The ASX granted a waiver of its listing rule 6.18 under certain conditions in August 2018.

​Adriatic Metals conducts its first capital raise post listing, raising $10 million with Sandfire participating to maintain its stake in November 2018.

Between June and August 2019, Sandfire raises its stake in Adriatic by buying shares on market. It's interest in Adriatic rises from 7.7% to 12.8%.

Adriatic conduct their next capital raise of $25 million, with Sandfire subscribing for their pro-rata interest.

​Sandfire appoint a nominee, John Richards, a respected Australian mining director to Adriatic's board in November 2019.

ASX amend their listing rules in December 2019. In particular, the rules around strategic relationships and anti-dilution rights are significantly amended effectively invalidating prior waivers granted.

​The ASX discloses that its needs to be satisfied that the basis for the original waiver granted still holds true and a genuine strategic relationship still exists between the entities. In addition, the ASX must also need to be satisfied that the terms of the anti-dilution right remain appropriate and equitable to minority shareholders. 

Notably, the waiver must be initiated by the entity that held the benefit of the anti-dilution right, ie. Sandfire.

Source: ASX guidance note 25

Sandfire continue to increase their stake in Adriatic on-market to 15.8%.
​Sandfire do not disclose the change in interest to the ASX but rather Adriatic disclose the change of Sandfire's interest in December 2019.

Sandfire withdraw the nomination of John Richards from the Adriatic board who consequently resigns in July 2020.

​Sandfire commence litigation against Adriatic, alleging contraventions of the strategic agreement between the two companies in July 2020.

This puts Adriatic shareholders in a peculiar position. We have Sandfire, a substantial shareholder of the company, alleging that Adriatic has contravened the strategic agreement between the two companies - without any specific discussion of what particular points of the agreement have been contravened. In addition, Adriatic shareholders can note the increasingly tense language and  relationship between the two companies over time which ultimately begets the question - What is Sandfire's ultimate goal?

Ultimately this raises a number of questions for shareholders of both Sandfire and Adriatic, namely:

What is the specific basis for Sandfire's claim given that they have participated in every capital raise conducted by Adriatic Metals?

Have Sandfire submitted a waiver application to the ASX, given the onus is on the benefiting party to apply for the waiver? If so, has this waiver application been rejected and in what form?

Given the litigation has been initiated by Sandfire against Adriatic, has the strategic relationship between the two companies effectively ceased? How long has this been the case for and at what point did it effectively cease?

Given that ASX listing rule 10.11 is considered as the fundamental protective clause for minority investors, is it appropriate that this rule is waived to the potential detriment of Adriatic's minority shareholders, especially if the strategic relationship appears to have effectively ceased?

Why is Sandfire, a company worth almost $1 billion, fighting over $8 million worth of stock that it is purportedly owed?

What was the reason for Sandfire removing their nominee director from the board of Adriatic? Was it to notionally circumvent ASX listing rule 10.11.3 - substantial (10%+) holders with board representation?

Why has Sandfire been non-compliant with general ASX requirements regarding substantial shareholder disclosures, especially around December 2019? What is Sandfire's current interest in Adriatic Metals?

Is Sandfire's eventual intention to control or takeover Adriatic or Adriatic's projects in some form at some point in the future?


Without adequate disclosure of the issues identified above, it is our opinion that the lawsuit brought by Sandfire against Adriatic appears to be frivolous at best. 



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Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in ADT.

At the beginning of May, we highlighted SelfWealth ('SWF') as an outstanding growth opportunity [HERE] that would benefit from exposure to the COVID19 curfews and the generally higher levels of market volatility. In this update, we review the company's progress based on its latest regulatory disclosures and compare how it is tracking relative to our internal growth model.

Since our article, the market has recognised the growth thematic embedded within the SelfWealth business model. Consequently, the share price has tripled from 22c on the date of the release to over 66c at the close of trade on the 9th of July. The company's results did not disappoint, more than meeting our expectations and those we shared with other market participants.

The latest quarterly release once again demonstrates the strong tailwinds the company is experiencing with quarter-on-quarter ('QoQ') growth in active traders of 44% compared to the previous quarter. Operating revenue and trade volumes grew over 100% and the company achieved its first-ever positive quarterly cashflow from operating activities. The value of client cash on the platform remained stable at $366 million despite very strong trade volumes. All these metrics affirm the company's ability to capture a disproportionate share of trader 'churn' and subsequently increase its market share; which was a core aspect of our investment thesis.

We believe the company will be able to maintain its strong growth momentum given the market and product fundamentals whilst increasing the 'monetisation efficiency' of its platform. We expect this increase in monetisation to be driven by several organic growth initiatives the company has been working on that are projected to be rolled out over the next 6 months.

The first is a revamp of the SelfWealth mobile application which we anticipate will be a market leader in customer usability and experience. It is a known fact that two factors are strongly aligned with customer satisfaction and use; consequently, we anticipate that this will lead to an increase in time spent on the platform and potentially a rise in trade volume.

The second large initiative is the launch of US equity trading via the SelfWealth platform. The US equity markets are the larger and most followed in the world. The ability for SelfWealth customers to purchase direct shareholdings in global market leaders like Amazon and Google, will no doubt increase trade volumes on the platform and provide valuable diversification from reliance solely on local equity market trade volumes.

Our base growth model assumed that SelfWealth could grow to 80,000 users by the end of June 2021. The latest disclosure demonstrates that active users currently sit over 46,000, implying on average that monthly growth in users should at least 3,000 users per month. The past 6 months have exceeded this figure by a large amount, so we remain confident that our base case will be achieved ahead of the time frame we originally projected. The business model dictates that each user acquired becomes increasingly profitable as overall customer numbers grow. This adage rings true in terms of valuing the company on more traditional measures such as 'value attributed per user' or conventional financial metrics such as potential earnings multiples.

One observation we have seen in high growth sectors is that scale begets scale. As the user base grows and broadens from its initial dominant user demographic, we often see the next leg of growth driven by strong uptake by broader mainstream society attracted by a compelling product offering. We believe we will observe a similar dynamic with SelfWealth going forward.

SelfWealth remains strongly capitalised with cash holdings of over $5 million and no debt. We believe the company is in a position to maintain its current profitability as well as build upon its strong market and product position. We believe the company remains compelling long-term value at its current market value.


Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in SWF.

Following on from our recent update on Adriatic Metals Serbian acquisition, we share some thoughts on the short term outlook for Adriatic.

Adriatic aim to complete a Pre-feasibility study ('PFS') on the Vares Project by September 2020 and a Definitive Feasibility Study ('DFS') by January 2021; having previously completed a Scoping Study on the project in late 2019. The Scoping Study had highlighted the world-class economics of the Vares project with the key metrics being:
Post Tax NPV8 of USD$916
Post Tax IRR of 107%
Capex payback period of 8 months
LOM Capex of US$178 million (inc. 30% contingency)

Since the completion of the Scoping Study, we note that Adriatic have made material progress on a number of fronts. The company have successfully discovered mineralisation outside the maiden Mineral Resource Estimate ('MRE') area on which the Scoping Study was based on. Phase 2 metallurgical testwork has led to materially better outcomes than those assumed in the Scoping Study itself with the new copper concentrate proposed being 95% payable vs only 30% assumed in the study. We estimate that a revised MRE has the potential to increase ore tonnage by at least 25% at a similar grade as the initial MRE. We estimate the combination of the increased MRE and payable metal may lead to a larger NPV8 figure in the PFS relative to the previous Scoping Study. We estimate that an NPV8 of circa USD$1.2 billion (AUD$1.85 billion, 0.65 FX) using similar metal price assumptions as assumed in the Scoping Study, may be achieved in the PFS.

As such we consider Adriatic to be extremely undervalued trading at a fully diluted value of around AUD$250 million which is only circa 14% of our estimated NPV8 figure for the PFS. We have noted in the past that high-quality projects generally trade or transact at small discounts to NPV - HERE. 

Adriatic's management team are directly aligned with shareholders via their substantial shareholdings in Adriatic. They have a track record of obtaining maximum value from funds spent and being cost-conscious evidenced by the recent disclosure that they are running $2 million under budget for the PFS works. There is a strong incentive to reduce dilution for the existing shareholders and preserve the value of their own holdings. Adriatic have disclosed that they are funded until the completion of the BFS and may require additional capital at some stage next year.

We believe that it may be prudent to sell a royalty over the Vares project after the completion of the BFS. This would minimise dilution for existing shareholders given the present large value differential, provide a large capital injection and cover a large portion of the project's CAPEX requirement. 

A net smelter royalty ('NSR') is a very common form of royalty in the mineral space. Usually, it is calculated as gross revenue less transport, insurance, and refining costs. A rough rule of thumb we like to use is that a 1% NSR is equivalent to a 4-5% working interest in the royalty property. 

An NSR owner benefits in a number of ways:

• Low risk - the first dollar invested in an NSR is the last dollar spent
• Bespoke to project and is tailored to project specifics - eg can contain buyback provisions and other special clauses
• positive exposure to underlying commodity price without direct production cost risk
• a relatively liquid and transferable asset

Some factors that determine the value of an NSR are:

• quality of orebody - higher value ore and a long mine life can lead to a higher NSR value
• the current stage of the project - more certainty around the project's financial and operations lead to higher NSR values
• time-frame to production - the shorter time to production the better
• monetary environment (interest rates) - low-interest rates lead to lower NSR hurdle rates

A recent NSR transaction was where the market-leading royalty company, Franco-Nevada, created a 1% NSR over Solgold's Alpala project in exchange for US$100 million. This project is at a similar stage to Adriatic with a PEA/scoping study having been completed in 2019. The NSR was sold over this project to fund DFS study costs vs Adriatic that would require capital to bring the Vares project into production. An NSR created over the Vares project would be highly sought after and highly valued given the world-class nature of the orebody, project financial metrics and near-production status; and we believe may attract a similar valuation as the Solgold royalty.

Once the Vares project is producing, surplus cash flows could be invested in the development and exploration of its numerous brownfield and greenfield prospects across Bosnia and Serbia. We feel there is clear potential for Adriatic to evolve into a mid-tier miner once Vares is developed. The recently acquired Serbian assets provide another valuable expansion opportunity in addition to the clear exploration potential remaining in Bosnia

We believe the key Catalysts over the short term remain: 

• achieving exploitation permits for Rupice & Veovaca
• the release of an updated JORC MRE for Rupice and Kizevak
• delivery of a PFS & BFS for the Vares project

Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in Adriatic Metals (ADT).

Adriatic Metals announced on the 11/5/2020 that they had reached an agreement to acquire Tethyan Resources, a Serbia focused explorer, in an all-stock deal in exchange for 6.9% of the company. Adriatic appears to be focused primarily on the brownfield Serbian assets, Kizevak and Sastavci.

There are very similar historical parallels between the Raska district and Vares as a locality where Adriatic have their present operations. The Raska district has a long history as a mining region. The Kizevak and Sastavci mines were discovered in the mid-1970s and operated by the Yugoslav geological survey between 1984 and 2000 when mining ceased due to the Balkans conflict.
The projects benefit from numerous infrastructure advantages including water, power, road and rail access all within 5 kilometres, and a local workforce with a long history of mining.

No significant exploration work has been conducted on either licence since mining ceased, and the projects offer significant exploration potential for the expansion of existing mineralisation along strike and down dip from the open pits at Kizevak and Sastavci. The historical deposits have been untouched by modern exploration techniques.

Interestingly, Tethyan has historically only been able to explore the areas surrounding the historical mines as it did not hold the ground containing the historical mines. However, this ground has now been acquired as part of the Adriatic transaction and only a relatively small amount of drilling needs to be done to confirm continuity between the historical mineralisation and the mineralisation encountered by Tethyan. We note that the deposit appears to be very shallow, with very little exploration at depth with historical cores that have not been tested for precious metals.

Adriatic have proven they can add value via interpretation of historical cores and follow up exploration drilling on the brownfield assets given their experience at Veovaca and Rupice. They have also demonstrated their ability to progress projects at extraordinarily fast pace delivering a Scoping study/PEA for the Vares Project within 2 years of their ASX listing and are on track to deliver a DFS within the next 7 months.

We believe that Adriatic's management team can add significant value to the Serbian assets being acquired by the end of the calendar year. The acquisition firmly positions Adriatic as the pre-eminent Balkan polymetallic developer, whilst providing a longer-term development pipeline over and above the existing Vares Project. The acquisition provides an existing in-country team and relationships, whilst also providing the advantage of jurisdictional diversity to both sets of shareholders.

Adriatic have stated that they intend on delivering a Maiden JORC resource estimate for Kizevak and Sastavci before the end of the calendar year 2020. Assuming a small uplift on the existing non-JORC deposits, we anticipate that between 8-10 million tonnes of ore could be delineated at grades between 6-9% Zn equivalent. Adriatic aim to deliver a PFS for the acquired assets by the end of the calendar year 2021, with permitting likely to occur in conjunction with feasibility studies.

Overall, we consider this an acquisition that may prove to be extremely value accretive for Adriatic shareholders. We think the timing of the transaction at a cyclical and covid-affected low was strategically sound and well-executed. Our thesis is that the seeds of a base metal boom are being sown in the current market duress with many marginal, higher-cost mines being shut down; however, this dynamic will take time to play out. We believe that it's quite likely within the next 2-3 years, base metal prices will be considerably higher; leaving Adriatic well-positioned and strongly leveraged to a recovery in base metal spot prices.



Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in Adriatic Metals (ADT).

Self Wealth (SWF) is a platform with a unique product offering that offers flat-price online broking and ancillary services.At present there are 4 separate revenue streams:

1. Broking - Self Wealth offers Australia's cheapest online broking, investors pay only $9.50 a trade irrespective of trade value with no strings attached. Investors are able to invest under their own HIN (CHESS sponsored), hold the stock directly, and without paying monthly account fees or subscriptions.
2. Interest on client funds - Self Wealth benefits by collecting an interest spread on client funds held within the platform. The client funds are held in segregated individual accounts for the benefit of the client, significantly reducing counter-party risk for clients.
3. Subscriptions - Platform users can access additional features for a subscription fee of $20 a month. This allows them access to trading and portfolio data to provide actionable insights for investors. In particular, high performing portfolios can be filtered and replicated easily by users.
4. ETF fees - An ETF has launched that is constructed using the data collected via the strategic relationship with BGL. The portfolio holds a number of liquid ASX 200 constituents, has outperformed the market benchmark, and is rebalanced quarterly.

There is significant scope for additional revenue streams to be developed at very low incremental cost that will become increasingly more valuable as the user base grows; we have made suggestions to the management team and it is to be seen whether these will be pursued. The company also has a number of significant organic growth opportunities within its current product lines: International trading, multiple trading account functionality and a new mobile app are all in development and have the potential to further increase the company's rate of growth in the near term.The strength of the self wealth model is its low touch, automated, highly scalable approach. Prior to the COVID19 curfews, it was growing strongly year on year: having grown all key metrics by more than 100% between January 2019 and January 2020. The effect of current curfews has been like pouring petrol onto an already roaring fire. In the most recent March quarter vs the December quarter: Trade volume grew over 100%, Client cash held grew over 150% and active users grew by almost 50% (achieving almost 70% of their previous annual growth target in 3 months).

​We believe this growth cannot be looked at in isolation but is a validation of the structural shift we see in the local online broking markets. Self Wealth is unequivocally the lowest cost provider in the market providing a large incentive for new users to try the service; this consequently leads to increased client 'stickiness'. The platform is very stable and in the recent market volatility, outperformed it's larger competitors (Commsec and Nabtrade) in terms of uptime. We note that market trade volumes are correlated with overall market volatility, meaning that Self Wealth may benefit from the higher than usual levels of market volatility.

It is clear that Self Wealth has been profitable since the month of March and we expect this to continue going forward. Our information gathering suggests that April may very well be another record month of growth for the company. The increasing scale of the company's operations will lead to a fall in incremental costs. Our internal growth model suggests a base case EBIT projection for FY21 of ~$6.5 million; with our upper case scenario being multiples of the base case. Currently trading at an undemanding $45 million market cap, this represents a forward projected EBIT multiple of only 7x.


This is an excerpt of Datt Capital's comprehensive research note on Self Wealth.

​To request a full copy please follow THIS LINK




Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in SWF.

The biggest investment risk today for investors is to be underweight equities. The ASX Total Return Index as at the end of March, was down approximately 27% from it's January highs. This means for an investor who bought the high and held through the volatility, they would need to achieve a 37% return from the end of March to breakeven.

According to the Credit Suisse Global Investment Returns Yearbook 2020, Australia has been the highest equity returns in global markets on average since 1900. Achieving a 7% real return calculated in US dollars, compounded over a long time frame is not something that can be ignored by any investor, local or global. It is a testament to our relatively stable political environment, our natural resource endowment and our growing population; all of which bodes well for potential future returns.

Focusing on the present situation, we are clearly in an inflationary environment with widespread monetary and fiscal stimulus and support being provided by governments worldwide. In an inflationary environment, stocks are the only listed asset class that will provide a positive real rate of return; bonds and hybrids are vulnerable to the achievement of future negative real returns given interest rates are at their lowest rates in history. If you are a large investor who has been invested across asset classes, you have effectively have been made whole by the Australian government if you have had investments in local bonds and have sold. The next question in this instance would be: where to store your wealth to ensure it retains its purchasing power whilst achieving a nominal real rate of return?

Virtually all fund managers are cautious and under-invested holding larger than usual cash weightings. As we've seen in the past, the majority are usually wrong in a risk-off environment filled with the perception of uncertainty. If the market continues to grind higher it increases the risk of manager under-performance and consequent pressure from investors to increase market exposure to invest at higher equity values.

Another aspect to look at is could there be any news worse than what has transpired over the past 2 months? There is now significant data around the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. We know almost unequivocally that the elderly and obese with pre-existing conditions are highly susceptible whilst younger, healthy individuals have a relatively benign response to the virus. We believe that it's unlikely that COVID-19 will ever be fully eliminated for reasons beyond the scope of this article.

We expect societal restraints to be relaxed sooner than later, with higher risk individuals maintaining quarantine. The government can mitigate the impact of vast social issues that are arising from an extended lockdown by loosening current restraints. Behavioural changes don't need to be mandated to be followed, for instance, the past impact of SARS affected social behaviour in the hardest-hit nations leading the widespread voluntary adoption of wearing face masks in public.

Over the past 2 weeks, we have been selectively increasing our equity weighting with a focus on quality. Markets always move in anticipation of change and the seeds of every bull market are sown in times of uncertainty.
​
We discuss 3 of our new positions in a recent podcast which can be found here: https://bit.ly/Datt-Media



Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should
not be construed as advice in any way

Alkane yesterday confirmed another strike of 689 metres @ 0.46g/t gold, 0.19% copper from 402 metres depth from the Boda prospect, stepping out a further 100 metres to the east. This followed up on the initial discovery strike of 502 metres @ 0.48g/t gold, 0.20% copper from 211 metres depth.

We consider this a fantastic intercept, clearly demonstrating consistency and the continuation of grade at depth. We believe the latest result is high quality, having spatially explored a different plane to the discovery hole by apparently skewing to the north. As such we believe the odds of confirming a large scale porphyry system have shortened significantly. Alkane has disclosed that another 2 holes to the south will be drilling along with another to the north, all at 100-metre step-outs. We expect that given the scale and nature of the recent strike, this program will be materially expanded and we expect to see multiple drill rigs on site for the foreseeable future.

Should Alkane confirm sufficient tonnage and grade at Boda, we believe that the deposit will be extraordinarily valuable for several reasons. Most important is the location: in a safe jurisdiction, on flat open grassland, only a 4-hour drive from Sydney and 30 minutes from Dubbo providing a readily available skilled labour force. The economics of mining large mineral deposits in NSW are very well understood given the various operations at Cadia, Northparkes and Cowal. The key levers of any mining operation are: capital intensity, political risk, ore grade, operating cost and byproduct credit value. From our perspective, Boda's geographic location alleviates many of these levers, with of course the scale and ore grade of the deposit still needing to be confirmed by further drilling. 

Even though it is still early in the exploration process, there is no doubt that this project would have the attention of all the large Australian miners; BHP, Rio Tinto and Newcrest all who are desperate to increase their exposure to Tier 1 projects on their home turf. The economic potential of large disseminated ore bodies is generally not well understood by Australian investors, which is to their detriment.

Alkane are in the truly fortunate position of being able to largely self-fund exploration at this stage, due to their gold production assets at Tomingley. Tomingley itself has good growth potential with cumulative exploration targets of approximately 2 million ounces on their ground. If successful, this would materially increase the life of mine operations at Tomingley to a range of 10-20 years depending on exploration success. Whilst this is a very handy resource, it is dwarfed by the exploration potential at Boda.

Boda deposit and district-scale exploration potentialAt Boda, Alkane appears to have found the extent of mineralisation to the west, however, they still have not found the high-grade core of the porphyry which provides an indication of how truly significant this deposit may be in time. The current results have effectively only scratched the 'halo' of the porphyry itself.

We speculate this high-grade core lies further to the east at depth. Mineralisation remains open along strike (north-south), at depth and to the east. We note that porphyry districts usually contain multiple, clustered deposits, typified by the Cadia complex which contains 5 separate ore bodies. We expect that other deposits may be found in time within a 3-5 km radius of Boda. We consider the 100m interval step out drilling being conducted to be fairly low risk, considering the number of shallow but low-grade historical strikes.

Alkane suggests that the style of alteration and mineralisation at Boda has several apparent similarities as Newcrest's giant Cadia East deposit (2.9 billion tonnes @ 0.36g/t gold, 0.26% copper), including equivalent grade. We note that in the early stages of the Cadia East deposit, the first 4 successful holes were relatively low grade; it was only once exploration was conducted at depth to the east that the high-grade core was discovered. 

West North West (WNW) is an extremely important direction in NSW resources, the Cadia deposits and other major mineralised faults broadly follow this angle. We feel this is replicated by the geometry of the Kaiser-Boda complex with further exploration potential along the Belgian and Sullivan faults which runs towards the south-east. Also, we note that Cadia East and Boda both begin from approximately 200m depth.

Our analysis and review of the historical drilling by Alkane and others in the area leads us to the conclusion that it is likely that Boda is already a substantial deposit in its own right. Mineralised intercepts have already been recorded for at least 500 metres of north-south strike, at least 450m in width east-west and at least 800 metres in depth. Whilst this still needs to be confirmed via step-out drilling, we believe there is clear evidence for a large ore body existing at depth.

There is very strong evidence for district-scale exploration potential evidenced by the purchase of an exploration block by Alkane from Impact minerals for $100,000 mid last year; immediately to the south of Boda.

Alice Queen holds the ground only 600 metres east of the latest Boda drill collar with various faulted structures, most prominent being the Belgian and Sullivan faults, running directly into Alice Queen's large tenement that has never been tested. This ground at Boda East must surely be the hottest exploration ground in Australia, especially considering that Alkane appears to have found the western extent of Boda's mineralisation. 

Our research suggests the average width of commercial porphyry deposits to be over 1 km, with multiple deposits clustering within a radius of 3-5 kms. We also note that should Boda prove to hold a commercially viable deposit, it is highly likely that any mining lease application would have to extend into Alice Queen's ground given the nature of cave mining, making this an extremely strategic and valuable parcel of land.
Alice Queen we expect will be very interested in Alkane's results going forward in addition to their exploration works on the other side of the fence. The company controls the entire northern part of the Molong Belt, a large area of approximately 700 square kms. There is no doubt that Alkane among others are observing the efforts of their junior neighbors to the east.

Dubbo Project - Australian Strategic Minerals
The Dubbo Project is one of the world's largest and advanced rare earth projects that are in pre-development. The current large resource supports an open pit mine life of over 70 years making this a strategic and valuable asset, especially considering the anticipated rise in demand for rare earth products over the next 10 years. The project has been fully permitted and front end engineering studies completed; along with completed feasibility studies that have been kept current by the company. The feasibility study was conducted on an initial 20-year base case operation scenario, which provided an NPV of $1.24 billion, however, with a large initial capital outlay of $1.3 billion.

There have been further studies conducted to reduce this figure including a staged, modular design as well as more recently some very promising Korean technology that has the potential to materially reduce the capital expenditure and operational costs of the project. We feel there is potential to materially improve the project's projected financial metrics in the case of success for these various initiatives.

We note the recent appointment of an MD for Australian Strategic Minerals and that a decision will be made before the end of the financial year to demerge or spinoff this project into a separate ASX listed vehicle. Should the demerger go ahead, we expect Alkane shareholders will receive shares in the new listed vehicle in proportion to their shareholding, an attractive proposition considering most spinoffs are value accretive to shareholders and the strong industry fundamentals.
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We consider Alkane to be an outstanding investment proposition given its exposure to 3 unique projects, all which have the potential to add material value over the coming months.


Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way. The author holds shares in ALK & AQX.  ​

Towards the start of the 2019 calendar year, we identified a strong investment thematic in junior gold companies driven by the confluence of 3 primary ideas:

• A potential rise in gold prices based on geopolitical factors
• A weakening of the Australian Dollar based on macroeconomic factors
• A resource and mine life deficit amongst mid-tier Australian gold producers

This led us to the identification and subsequent investment in Echo Resources, which was consequently taken over by Northern Star for a return over 100% in less than 12 months.
We believe this thematic is still strong and in this wire, we discuss a number of qualitative factors that help assist us in identifying high-quality gold opportunities and outline 2 names that tick our boxes.
Generating our own ideasWhile it is very difficult to quantitatively screen companies due to the early-stage nature and non-financial characteristics of these companies, there are a number of different methods of discovering companies in this space. The most common of these are: sell-side (broker) research, industry comparisons and independent project assessors (typically covering later stage companies).
However, we tend to rely heavily on our own proprietary research library of almost 1000 primary research pieces to generate ideas and identify broad brush investment thematics. 
We largely avoid secondary research, but do find it useful on occasions to confirm and question the veracity of our own primary research efforts.
Geological factors1: Depth and scale
These factors are very important in determining whether a deposit may be economic. A general rule of thumb is that the deeper a deposit, the higher grade it needs to be economic – this is a function of higher mining costs at depth. This should be looked at in conjunction with the scale of a deposit, as generally the larger the scale the lower the cost.
2: Geometry and mineralisation style 
The shape of a deposit is an important indicator of potential mining cost for example, a gently dipping equidimensional (spread consistently in all directions) shaped deposit will almost always be cheaper to mine than a steeply dipping, planar deposit. Disseminated (spread uniformly) style mineralisation deposits are preferable to vein or reef hosted mineralisation from our perspective, again due to lower processing costs.
3: Historical context and potential exploration upside 
We have a preference towards ‘time capsule’ projects where little modern exploration has been conducted. This could be for a number of reasons including areas where mining exploration has been banned, or where exploration was not conducted due to a low commodity price environment. We consider that exploration upside is generally considerably larger with these particular projects, given the historical context.
Corporate factors1: Location/jurisdiction: 
This is important from an economic and strategic perspective. Government royalty rates can vary significantly between jurisdictions, along with the general legal and social environments. A resource situated near infrastructure will generally hold an advantage over a similar more isolated deposit. Being close to other producing mines allows optionality in terms of commercial outcomes for example, a smaller deposit that may not be large enough to support its own processing plant could potentially utilise a neighbouring mine’s processing plant for a fee.
2: Management team and corporate strategy 
Pursuing a prudent strategy can expedite the time needed to bring a deposit into production, and add considerable value to a project whilst mitigating risk. One common mistake we see is rushing into production too soon for marginal or higher-cost projects. Mineral production has its own skill set quite different from mineral exploration.
3: Overall economic evaluation 
To be robust and minimise downside, any economic studies on the deposit should use conservative assumptions and incorporate all costs. In the gold sector, a commonly used metric ‘AISC’ (all-in sustaining cost) is one of the most misquoted with each producing company using their own poetic licence to their quoted metric. Investors should perform their own calculations instead of relying on company provided AISC figures. In addition, we have a bias to project with relatively low capital intensity which usually results in a higher project IRR. Higher metallurgical recoveries are positive.
4: Ability to build relationships with credible larger counterparties: 
This is an important factor especially when considering commercial terms could be negotiated for production or exploration. A management team that can attract large partners to the company or its projects, adds credibility from our perspective.
5: Catalyst/s to rerate the stock: 
This is one of the more important elements in our process and can be either external, internal or multi-faceted. One must remember that the company cannot change the physical resources that may or may not lie within their ground and accordingly be very selective when investing in this space, taking a ‘resource first’ approach.
Preferred namesOur preferred names in the junior gold space are Yandal Resources (YRL:ASX) and Alice Queen (AQX:ASX).
Yandal Resources: Multiple catalystsYandal currently has a gold resource of approximately 200,000 ounces at their flagship Flushing Meadows deposit at a grade of 1.3 g/t. The deposit is at very shallow depths of less than 150m, is currently 1.8kms in length and is open at depth and in multiple directions. As such, we think there is strong potential for the size of this deposit to increase materially. This deposit, whilst planar and dipping is very shallow and likely to be able to be cheaply mined via an open pit. This tenement of 472 sq km has been historically held by majors during times of lower gold prices, and has had virtually no exploration over the past 20 years.
Yandal's projects are located in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia; this locality is thought to hold up to 30% of the world’s resources and is regarded as a Tier 1 jurisdiction. All the projects are located within trucking distance of multiple gold mills operated by 3rd parties, so can be commercialised rapidly. The quality and largely oxidised nature of the current resource ensures that this ore will be sought after by gold processors. The company intend on further building out its resource base via lower risk extension drilling and have recently started a program of 20,000 metres.
The management team are experienced, credible and focused having worked on the neighbouring projects that are held by Echo Resources. 
Northern Star, who have just acquired Echo, holds 15% of the company; with the Top 20 shareholders holding 80%. 
We think there are multiple potential catalysts for the company to rerate and believe the company will become increasingly attractive as they build out their resource base.
Alice Queen: More upside than downsideAlice Queen has a gold resource of around 500,000 ounces at its Horn Island project, in the Torres Strait, at a grade of 1.9g/t. The deposit is shallow with a maximum depth of 250m. Horn Island was reopened to mining activities in 2014, after a 25-year hiatus. 
Since then, AQX has lightly explored and applied modern exploration techniques to the project, attracting Saint Barbara (SBM:ASX) as a joint venture partner. What is so unique, is that SBM agreed to excise the existing 500,000-ounce deposit and associated infrastructure from the joint venture; with an option to buy into these areas for a 70% interest by paying ‘fair value’. We believe there exists significant potential at depth for the discovery of further gold resources, along with potential extensions at shallower depths.
Horn Island is located in the Torres Strait, Queensland. Northern Queensland hosts a gold endowment of around 40 million ounces, with 19 million hosted in Intrusion Related Gold System (IRGS) deposits; the system speculated to exist at Horn Island. The company intend on progressing the Horn Island project further in conjunction with SBM. The management team are committed, practical and focused; and have a world-class consultant team.
Horn Island has significant existing infrastructure in place including a deep water port, a domestic airport, and existing freshwater supply. We believe that this should translate into significant savings in terms of capital expenditure and consequent superior returns, should a mining operation recommence. 
The company have a proven track record of attracting and working with larger counterparties, having attracted SBM and Newcrest to its projects in the past. 
The company also hold very prospective exploration ground in NSW, less than 1 km from Alkane’s discovery at Boda; this was regarded as the best Australian porphyry discovery in 20 years.
Again, we see multiple catalysts for AQX to rerate notably, the exploration program being funded by SBM as well as further exploration success on the neighbouring tenements in NSW held by Alkane. 
Disclaimer: Datt Capital currently holds shares in AQX and YRL. ​

Alice Queen ('AQX') are a junior exploration company that hold 3 projects: 1 gold development project in the Horn Island gold deposit and 2 very prospective exploration projects in the Horn Island JV and the Lachlan Fold projects.

Horn Island gold deposit
AQX has defined a shallow, open pittable inferred resource of 492,000 ozs (7.96 Mt @ 1.9g/t), with a maximum depth of 250m. Horn Island has significant existing infrastructure in place including a deep water port, a domestic airport, and existing freshwater supply. It also is the logistical hub of the Torres Strait, being easily accessible from the mainland. Being a brownfield operation, it's likely that the company could potentially utilise some remnants of the old mining operations.

As part of our evaluation process for Horn Island, we made a number of assumptions to determine what a potential mining operation may look like. Readers should note that this is purely a hypothetical exercise, especially given the current inferred nature of the deposit.

Hypothetical Project Assumptions and Parameters:
80% of inferred JORC resources converted to Indicated or better status.
1 Million tonne per annum plant capacity
LOM of ~6.5 years
Average gold production per annum: ~56k oz
Gold price: AUD$2,000/oz
Recovery rate of 93%
Initial Capex: $60 million
All-in Sustaining Cost: ~AUD$1,200/oz
Discount rate: 8%
NPV using assumptions above: ~$160 million

We consider our assumptions reasonably conservative; for example, the company has disclosed that metallurgical recoveries from the ore are ~98% whereas we have assumed a lower figure of 93%. We also note that our assumptions are blunt, and do not consider any optimisation studies generally conducted as part of a Bankable Feasibility Study ('BFS') process.

As the company progresses the development of the deposit via additional infill drilling to upgrade the resource estimate to Indicated or better, we expect further value accretion. We expect that the company will conduct further studies on the deposit to a BFS standard. We estimate it will cost the company approximately $3.5-4.5 million to conduct the necessary works and studies to delivery a BFS for the deposit and take approximately 12-18 months to complete. This expenditure should provide significant value add for shareholders.

Having examined a large number of gold deposits, we consider inferred resources that have a higher degree of uncertainty, to be fairly valued at a range between 2.5-3.5% of in-ground value relative to the spot price for shallow deposits which are sub-250m in depth. This provides us a range between $55 and $77 per inferred ounce at a gold spot price of AUD$2,200. As such we consider that as a raw, undeveloped project the Horn Island gold deposit would be worth ~$30 million, possibly more considering the existing infrastructure in place.

Horn Island JV
St Barbara ('SBM') a mid-tier gold miner has entered into a JV with the right to earn 70% of the Horn Island Exploration Project, encompassing Horn Island and Prince of Wales Island, by sole funding $4 million over 36 months. The agreement specifically excludes the Horn Island gold deposit as well as the existing critical infrastructure and sites necessary to begin a mining operation. SBM has been granted an option to acquire a 70% in these areas for 'fair value'. SBM may withdraw after committing a minimum amount of $500,000 within the first 12 months of the JV. AQX has agreed not to commence mining operations at the Horn Island gold deposit during the term of the JV. However, further progressing the project to the completion of a BFS is allowed. AQX will manage SBM's ground operations on Horn Island for a fee under a services agreement.

The JV will be targeting Intrusion Related Gold System (IRGS) deposits. Out of a total discovered gold endowment in Northern Queensland of ~40 million ozs ('Mozs'), over 19 Mozs are contained within IRGS deposits in this region. It is believed that IRGS deposits are generated by the collision of major tectonic plates and are focused mainly on the Ring of Fire region around the Pacific Rim which hosts a gold endowment of over 100 Mozs. This proliferation extends into Queensland which was a tectonically active region 200 million years ago. We note that IRGS deposits are on average larger than types of gold-bearing systems; providing a potentially large reward for successful explorers. The sweet spot in terms of exploration for IRGS deposits is in the 200-500m depth range, where AQX has barely explored.

IRGS deposits can be discovered using a systematic approach including but not limited to: geochemical sampling, reverse magnetic analysis, interpretation of drill samples & multi-element metal zoning. We note that AQX has performed significant analysis works to date, performed by world-class technical consultants in Scott Halley (geochemistry), Gregg Morrison (IRGS specialist) and Ben McCormack (structural geology). We note that should an IRG system be proven to exist on Horn Island, Prince of Wales Island to the immediate west will represent an outstanding greenfield opportunity for the joint venture being 3 times as large within a similar geological setting.

Horn Island Conclusion
We note that the Horn Island JV agreement, allows SBM to acquire a 70% interest in the Horn Island gold deposit and associated infrastructure for 'fair value'. According to our research, recent transactions for commodity projects at the BFS stage have ranged between 40-70% of NPV8 value depending on various factors including capital requirements, depth of resource, commodity type etc.

As such, this may result in a significant bullet payment made to AQX, of an amount above the company's current market capitalisation, should SBM exercise this right and assuming AQX has completed a BFS.

Should SBM withdraw from the JV at any time, AQX will remain well placed to deliver the project in their own right having conducted the studies necessary to obtain project finance.

In summary, we believe that the Horn Island JV has the potential to deliver a multi-million-ounce resource in time, at depth. We believe the fact that SBM, within the JV agreement, restrains AQX from initiating a small scale mining operation is telling. We note that the company's discovery cost per oz is exceptional at under $20/oz, relative to the industry average of circa $30/oz. We believe this reflects the genuinely under-explored nature of Horn Island as well as the significant and thorough geological analysis the company conducts prior to major drilling works.

NSW Lachlan Fold Projects
AQX hold 4 exploration tenements that encompass the entire northern part of the Molong Volcanic Belt, on-trend with the globally significant Cadia-Ridgeway mine operated by Newcrest ('NCM'). The area is prospective for large scale Au/Cu porphyry deposits.

NCM entered into an exploration JV with AQX in 2017 covering some of these tenements. Under the terms of the prior JV agreement, NCM could earn up to an 80% interest in the Mendooran tenements over 9 years by spending $10 million. 3 diamond core holes were drilled under NCM JV, with no material results disclosed. We note that the NCM JV targeted the most accessible prospects, rather than the best prospects which lie within a State Conservation Area, where special permits are required. These permits were not in place for the term of the JV, although AQX has recently disclosed in their latest presentation that a land access agreement is near, with permission expected to be granted by the end of the calendar year.

NCM terminated the JV however, we consider this to be positive. Our preference when investing in junior explorers is that it retains a majority stake in their most prospective ground when engaging in a JV. This ensures that shareholders receive the appropriate benefit in the case of success. We have found that exploration projects can be 'lost' in the bureaucracy of a larger company, so we prefer companies that retain material exposure and control over their core prospects. We also noted that the Yarindury tenement was acquired after the NCM JV was executed, so was not included in the JV. The sedimentary cover in this tenement is shallower at around 200m depth, so believe that AQX can explore this tenement in their own right. AQX has disclosed that drilling will commence in the next couple of weeks on the northern targets at Yarindury.

Alkane's recent discovery strike at Boda, was the best porphyry exploration discovery hole in the Lachlan Fold Belt outside the Cadia, Cowal and North Parkes mines in the last 20 years; according to John Holliday, the discoverer of the world-class Cadia deposit and a technical consultant to AQX. The discovery strike of 502m @ 0.48g/t Au, 0.20% Cu from 211 metres in depth, ended in strong mineralisation to the end of hole. We believe this is exceptionally significant. The strike is exceptionally gold rich relative to other porphyry deposits, and we are encouraged by the fact that the copper grade appears to increase at depth. Importantly, a clear high-grade zone of approximately 361m of over 1g/t exists between 228m and 589m intervals. To put it into context, this high grade zone of strike was superior to the Cadia Hill discovery hole which struck 243m @ 1.21g/t Au. A lot more work needs to be conducted by Alkane to prove that a large deposit exists, but the potential for a large, commercial discovery is clear.

Large porphyry deposits are generally clustered, typified by the monstrous Cadia-Ridgeway complex which spans almost 20 sq km and enjoys a rich mineral endowment of 38 Mozs of Au & 8.3 Mt of Cu. With Yarindury only 700 metres away from Boda's discovery hole, we believe that there is very strong potential that the mineralisation that Alkane discovered at Boda, may extend onto the Yarindury tenement. Whilst still early days, we believe that the strike at Boda has added immense value to AQX's Lachlan Fold tenements and significantly increased the odds that AQX can perhaps make their own discovery.

We consider the upside potential and leverage to success within these tenements to be extremely large.


Conclusion
We consider that Alice Queen hold 3 very attractive projects: 1 gold development project in the Horn Island gold deposit and 2 very prospective exploration projects in the Horn Island JV and the Lachlan Fold projects.

It is our opinion that the company's value is strongly underpinned by the existing gold deposit on Horn Island which we consider in isolation to be worth the company's current market capitalisation of ~$30 million. We believe the market is ignoring the considerable potential upside from both the Horn Island JV and the Lachlan Fold projects. Successful exploration by the Horn Island JV will result in a clear and substantial monetisation event via SBM's right to purchase 70% of the Horn Island deposit. Successful exploration at the Lachlan Gold projects will result in enormous value creation for shareholders.

As such, we view Alice Queen as an attractive investment opportunity given the large, asymmetric potential upside balanced by what we perceive as limited downside. 



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Disclaimer: This article does not take into account your investment objectives, particular needs or financial situation; and should not be construed as advice in any way